The blast happened at about 0350 BST in a block of flats owned by the Muirhouse Housing Association.
The injured man, who has not been named, was rushed to Edinburgh Royal Infirmary before being transferred to the specialist burns unit at St John's Hospital, Livingston, West Lothian.
Fifteen other occupants of the building - which may have suffered structural damage - have been moved to temporary accommodation at the nearby Silverknowes Primary School.
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Gas explosion
A man is in a critical condition in hospital with serious burns following an early morning gas explosion at his home in the Muirhouse area of Edinburgh.
